Identity: Youth and Crisis

Like Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), his predecessor in the field of psychoanalysis, Erikson believed that personality develops over several stages. However, Freud rooted the development of the personality in childhood as it related to sexual urges, a process called psychosexual development. Erikson’s theory, in contrast, explained psychosocial development—the formation of the personality within society over the course of an individual lifetime.

Erikson theorized that psychosocial development takes place in eight stages, each centered around a conflict or turning point that must be overcome in order for a person to proceed to the next stage. Every stage provides strengths and skills that build as the individual progresses through them.

Stages 1-4 take place during childhood. Stage 1, Infancy, covers birth to 18 months. The central issue is one of trust versus mistrust. To have lifelong trust in others, the child must be able to depend on caregivers for all of their needs: food, love, warmth, safety, nurturing.

Stage 2 is Early Childhood, spanning ages one or two to three. In this stage, children must resolve the conflict of autonomy versus shame. To achieve independence, they must gain control over bodily functions, especially toilet training, along with the opportunity to express preferences for food, clothing, and toys.