Travesties

Travesties is a 1974 comic play by the Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter Tom Stoppard, best known for plays including Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and Arcadia, and the film Shakespeare In Love. Set in Zurich during the First World War, Travesties imagines the interactions of three famous revolutionaries—the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, the novelist James Joyce, and the Dadaist poet Tristan Tzara—in the Zurich library. However, these interactions take place in the memory of Henry Wilfred Carr, a British diplomat (who is satirized in Joyce’s novel Ulysses). Carr’s memories are unreliable, vague, and biased.

The play opens in the Zurich library. Gwendolen “Gwen” Carr, Henry Carr’s sister, is working as Joyce’s secretary, transcribing a draft of his experimental novel Ulysses. Elsewhere in the library, sit Tzara and Lenin, working on their own writing. Tzara finishes a poem, cuts out each word, places them all in a hat, empties the hat onto the table, and begins rearranging his poem into meaningless sentences, which he reads aloud. Joyce responds by reading from his own manuscript.

Cecily Carruthers, a young librarian, enters. She has been helping Lenin with his work and she is here to pick up a folder containing his manuscript. However, she accidentally takes Joyce’s folder, while Gwen accidentally takes Lenin’s. The mistake goes unnoticed, and both assistants leave.



Nadezhda “Nadya” Krupskaya, Lenin’s wife, enters and announces to her husband that revolution has broken out in Russia.

The next scene takes place many years in the future, in Carr’s apartment in Zurich. He remembers Joyce as an “Irish lout” and tells the story of their falling out, over the finances of a semi-professional performance of The Importance of Being Earnest of which Joyce was the business manager. Carr acted in it. Carr reveals that he was spying on Lenin on behalf of the British Foreign Office.

Back in 1917, Tzara arrives at Carr’s apartment, followed by Joyce and Gwen. Joyce asks Carr to fund the production of The Importance of Being Earnest, and to play the lead, “not Ernest, the other one.” The characters begin to speak in limericks, both discussing and illustrating the principles of Dadaism, the artistic movement in which Tzara is a pioneer.



Tzara and Carr begin to speak like the characters in The Importance of Being Earnest, staging an argument about artistic theories. Tzara continues to expound Dadaism, while Carr defends the aestheticism of Oscar Wilde, the author of The Importance of Being Earnest.

Tzara cuts up a page containing one of Shakespeare’s sonnets, re-organizes them at random, and offers the result to Gwen. He tells her he loves her, and she replies that she is destined to love a poet.

Joyce begins to perform conjuring tricks as he and Tzara discuss Dada. Soon, they are arguing. The elderly Carr interjects from the future to discuss the lawsuits he and Joyce each brought against the other over the play’s finances.



Act 2 begins with Nadya writing in her journal. The elderly Carr explains that she and Lenin had been imprisoned in Austro-Hungary at the beginning of the war. Lenin is in Zurich to work on his book, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism.

Nadya’s journal (an early draft of her book Memories of Lenin) reveals that Lenin is desperate to go to Russia to join the revolution there. However, traveling to Russia is nearly impossible.

The young Carr arrives at the library and attempts to get information from Nadya. She mistakes him for Tzara, and he plays along, inviting her to “reform” him (Lenin and Nadya disapprove of Dada). They argue about art and politics. The real Tzara appears and joins the argument. Nadya and Lenin leave.



The elderly Carr reveals that he had a relationship with Cecily, through which he learned everything he needed to know about Lenin. However, he did not reveal this knowledge to the Foreign Office due to his feeling for Cecily. In any case, he believed that “there was nothing wrong with Lenin except his politics,” because Lenin, like Carr, disapproved of modern art.

Gwen and Cecily discuss Tzara, singing their conversation to the tune of a popular song. Joyce arrives, and he and Carr argue about money. The scene becomes a dance.

The final scene returns to the elderly Carr, accompanied now by his wife, Cecily. Cecily tells Carr that he has remembered everything incorrectly: he never found out anything about Lenin, and Tzara wasn’t there at all. She didn’t help Lenin with his book. Carr refuses to believe her. He concludes by declaring that he learned three things during his time in Zurich: first, that “you’re either a revolutionary or you’re not, and if you’re not you might as well be an artist as anything else”; second, that “if you can’t be an artist, you might as well be a revolutionary.” He can’t remember the third thing.



Travesties was first performed at the Aldwych Theatre, London, to strong reviews. It has subsequently been revived several times, most recently at the American Airlines Theater on Broadway, New York.